Born in 1918, Nelson Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1943, as a law student.
He and other ANC leaders campaigned against apartheid. Initially he campaigned peacefully but in the 1960s the ANC began to advocate violence, and Mr Mandela was made the commander of its armed wing.
He was arrested for sabotage and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, serving most of his sentence on Robben Island.
It was forbidden to quote him or publish his photo, but he and other ANC leaders were able to smuggle out messages of guidance to the anti-apartheid movement.
He was released in 1990 as South Africa began to move away from strict racial segregation - a process completed by the first multi-racial elections in 1994.
Mr Mandela served a single term as president before stepping down in 1999.
After leaving office, he became South Africa's highest-profile ambassador, campaigning against HIV/Aids and helping to secure his country's right to host the 2010 football World Cup, where he made his last public appearance since his official retiring in 2004.
He was also involved in peace negotiations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and other countries in Africa and elsewhere.
The young as well as older people have been deeply affected by his death. The Madiba has been credited with uniting South Africans of every colour.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 along with FW de Klerk, South Africa's last white president.
Mr Mandela won admiration around the world and he will be remembered for preaching reconciliation after being freed from almost three decades of imprisonment in Apartheid South Africa.
All around the world flags are flying at half-mast from the buildings in Washington DC, Paris and across South Africa. World football body Fifa also ordered its flags to be lowered. What a great way to honour a man!
"He achieved more than could be expected of any man. Today, he has gone home," said US President Barack Obama.
However, the parliament in Pretoria is expected to hold a special joint session to reflect on Mr Mandela's life and legacy.
Books of condolence will be opened at public buildings in South Africa and at the country's embassies throughout the world.
Mr Mandela's body will lie in state for three days at the Union buildings in Pretoria before a funeral is held on Saturday in Qunu, the village in Eastern Cape where he was born.
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